Comienzan las clases y empezamos a oir hablar sobre el mobbing escolar: insultos, amenazas, robos, peleas, discriminación… Es el bullying o acoso escolar, una epidemia de agresiones verbales, psicológicas y físicas entre los más jóvenes que marca negativamente la convivencia en la escuela. Hay quienes opinan que siempre ha existido la violencia escolar, y hay otros que lo consideran un mal que ha ido a más en los últimos años. España es el segundo país después de Portugal con mayor índice de fracaso escolar. Y no es el factor inteligencia lo que determina en este bajo rendimiento del alumno como se suele pensar, sino que hay otras claves constantes como la ansiedad y la depresión que inciden con más fuerza en la trayectoria escolar. Es la opinión de la catedrática e investigadora Elvira Repetto que, en su intervención en un curso de verano de la UNED, afirmó que “toda comprensión implica un saber teórico” y no duda en decir que “hay que enseñar al alumno a actuar, a desarrollar habilidades sociales, a pensar y a aprender para evitar futuros conflictos juveniles”.
Intranquilidad en las aulas. La figura del acusica, del pelota, de la repipi, del empollón y del malote existen en cualquier historia del colegio que se pueda contar. Son etiquetas que inconscientemente adherimos a unos u otros compañeros de clase. El problema es cuando estas etiquetas traspasan los límites de la convivencia y se crea en la escuela un clima de difícil control. Varios expertos consideran que estas situaciones de riesgo en el colegio se pueden ver complementadas con el agravante de “violencia física”.
Según los investigadores de la Universidad de Córdoba (España), el fenómeno de la agresividad injustificada, persistente en el tiempo y con graves consecuencias en el desarrollo para víctimas y agresores es denominado por los expertos como ‘bullying duro’ y su incidencia, aunque leve, asciende a índices de entre el 2% y el 7%. En otros casos como el de la agresividad injustificada esporádica (que no se prolonga en el tiempo) es menos grave pero afecta a más escolares, se estima que entre el 25% y el 30%. “Los profesores no se sienten apoyados para afrontar la situación, no se encuentran formados e informados y esto influye en la calidad de vida de las escuelas”, explica Claire Monks, de la Greenwich University, e investigadora de la UCO.
Ante esta situación, y después de que varios estudios arrojaran datos sobre el nivel de estrés y ganas de abandono de la profesión que sufren muchos profesores en España, el sindicato ANPE ha propuesto recientemente la reducción de la jornada laboral para el personal docente de Primaria y Secundaria. De esta forma, los profesores podrían dedicar tiempo a la preparación de materiales didácticos, a renovar conocimientos y recibir formación para saber resolver situaciones de conflicto.
Nuevo curso, nuevas normas. Por ejemplo, nada de teléfonos móviles en clase. Se trata de una de las principales directrices incluidas en el nuevo Decreto de Convivencia que ha puesto en marcha la Comunidad de Madrid. Su presidenta, Esperanza Aguirre, considera que una de las mayores dificultades que tienen los profesores para enseñar a los adolescentes es mantener el orden y la disciplina en las aulas, por lo que solicita que sean los propios centros los que aprueben su reglamento antes de que termine el mes de octubre. La normativa pasará luego a manos de los padres para su conocimiento y en ella se incluirán aspectos como el cuidado de las instalaciones escolares, la asistencia puntual y correcta a las clases, la no utilización de móviles y otros aparatos durante la clase, el respeto a la autoridad del profesor, el trato correcto a los compañeros y la realización de los deberes en casa.
Por su parte, la Secretaría de Juventud de la Generalitat de Cataluña ha comenzado a ofrecer en los centros de educación Secundaria lo que ha denominado como Pack Escuelas, un conjunto de actividades informativas sobre el bullying, las drogas y el sida a través de charlas, talleres, obras de teatro o juegos de rol, en definitiva, acciones donde puedan tomar parte los jóvenes. Los centros interesados en recibir los packs deben solicitarlos a la Secretaría antes del 31 de octubre. Andalucía, por ejemplo, dispone de aulas especiales para alumnos indisciplinados en los institutos. Tal es el caso de Málaga, que cuenta con más de 100 centros con estos espacios para que un profesor distinto al que ha castigado al agresor, le haga reflexionar y a modificar su comportamiento. También se utilizarán este curso las tutorías individualizadas dirigidas sobre todo a estudiantes con dificultad para las habilidades sociales y que serán impartidas de forma personalizada por orientadores. Otra iniciativa es el Plan de Mediadores Escolares al que se acogen cerca de 200 centros de la provincia de Málaga y que consiste en que son los propios estudiantes quienes se prestan a mediar en situaciones conflictivas, previamente formados en ello. Una medida similar arranca este curso en el País Vasco como parte de un plan de convivencia bajo el lema ‘Para que podamos vivir juntos’.
Otra de las novedades este curso es la inclusión de la polémica asignatura de Educación para la Ciudadanía en los programas escolares. Entre sus contenidos, afirman que los estudiantes podrán contestar a la pregunta: “¿Cómo te gustaría que fuera el mundo en el que vivimos?” explorando diversos temas que afectan a la vida cotidiana. De igual modo, abordará temas de actualidad referentes a la autoestima, las relaciones humanas, la seguridad vial, los problemas de género o la inmigración, y en valores como compartir con compañeros, profesores, familia y amigos, iniciativas solidarias y de trabajo en proyectos en común que ayuden a resolver los problemas de la convivencia, entre ellos el acoso escolar.
Esperemos que este curso se mejore en todos los aspectos.
Artículo Florencia Moragas Secc educarte el Portal Voz
Formación continua recomendada :
Prevención de riesgos laborales en centros infantiles
Igualdad de género y oportunidades
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